faculty.Karl Linden

Karl G. Linden, Associate Professor

Professor Karl G. Linden, Ph.D., received a B.S. from Cornell University, and M.S. and Ph.D. from University of California at Davis. Dr. Linden teaches classes on physical and chemical treatment processes, and chemistry and microbiology for environmental engineers. Dr. Linden’s research investigates alternative disinfectants and advanced oxidation for water and wastewater treatment. Specifically, he is working on development of physical and photochemically based methods to evaluate UV dose from polychromatic UV systems; the efficacy of UV irradiation for inactivation of persistent pathogens such as Cryptosporidium; and the use of UV and oxidation for the degradation of organic contaminants in water. His current research is funded by the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF), the Water Environmental Research Foundation (WERF), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Dr. Linden serves on the Research Working Group of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) for the US EPA, is a founding board member and International Vice President of the International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) and is chair of the technical programs committee for the International IUVA Congresses. He is also a contributing author on the US EPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual currently under development.

Education

• Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1997
• M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1993
• B.S. Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell University, 1989

Professional Experience

• July 2005 - present. Associate Professor with Tenure, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
• January 2001 – June 2005. John-Kelly C. Warren Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
• Visiting Professor, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland (with Dr. Urs von Gunten) September – December, 2003.
• Visiting Professor, Clinical Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and the Institute for Medical Physics and Biostatistics, University of Vienna, Austria (with Prof. Regina Sommer and Dipl.-Ing. Alexander Cabaj) March – August, 2003.
• Graduate Faculty, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. February 2001 - Present
• Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC. August 1997-June 1999.
• Consultant/Project Engineer, US EPA, Black and Veatch, Montogomery Watson, Malcolm Pirnie, Larry Walker Assoc., Microgen Corp. 1990-Present

Sample Publications [complete publication list]

Johnson, A.M., Linden, K.G., Ciociola, K.M., De Leon, R., Widmer, G. Rochelle, P.A. (2005) “UV inactivation of Cryptosporidium hominis as measured in cell culture” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 5, 2800-2802.

Jin, S., *Linden, K.G., Ducoste, J., Liu, D. (2005) “Impact of Lamp Shadowing and Reflection on the Fluence Rate Distribution in a Multiple Low-Pressure UV Lamp Array” Water Research, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2711-2721.

Mamane-Gravetz, H. and *Linden, K.G. (2005) “The relationship between physiochemical properties, aggregation, and UV inactivation of isolated indigenous spores in water”, Journal of Applied Microbiology Vol. 98, No. 2, 351-363.

Rosenfeldt, E. and *Linden, K.G. (2004) “Degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals bisphenol-A, ethinyl estradiol, and estradiol during UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 38 No. 20, 5476-5483

Sharpless, C.M. and *Linden, K.G. (2003) “Experimental and Model Comparisons of Low- and Medium-Pressure Hg Lamps for the Direct and H2O2 Assisted UV Photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in Simulated Drinking Water”, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 37 No. 9, pp. 1933-1940

Courses Taught

• CE 120L. Chemistry and Microbiology for Environmental Engineers
• CE 124L. Environmental Engineering
• CE 241. Physical and Chemical Treatment Processes In Environmental Engineering
• CE 269. Fundamentals and Applications of UV Processes in Environmental Systems

Honors and Awards

• Klein/Stansell Family Distinguished Research Award, Pratt School of Engineering, 2004
• John-Kelly C. Warren Faculty Scholar, Pratt School of Eng., Duke University 2001-2005
• Switzer Environmental Foundation Leadership Fellow: 2001-2003.
• UNC-Charlotte Junior Faculty Fellow, 1998.
• New Century Scholar - National Science Foundation, 1998.
• Trojan Technologies UV Fellow, 1995-96.
• Switzer Environmental Fellowship recipient, 1993-94.
• Chancellors Teaching Fellowship, UC Davis, 1994.

Professional and Service Activities

• Associate Editor, ASCE: Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2005 - Present
• Member, University Student Activities Committee, AWWA, 2004-Present
• UV Guidance Manual and Validation Protocol, Co-Author, US EPA, Jan, 2001 - Present
• National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC), Research Working Group member, US EPA, November 2000-2004
• Orange Cty Water Dist, Technical Advisor, Groundwater Replenishment System July 2001-2004
• Technical Committee Chair, International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) First World Congress, June 2001
• International Vice President, Board of Directors, International UV Association, 2001-present
• US EPA UV Disinfection Technical Working Group Advisory Committee, 1999-2004
• IUPAC Photochemistry sub-group on UV Disinfection, 1999 - 2002
• US EPA, American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) Drinking Water Research Needs Expert Workshop, September, 1999.
• Manuscript Reviewer - Wat. Environ. Res., Environ. Technol., Wat. Res., ASCE J. Environ. Eng., Biotech. Prog. (AIChE), Ozone Sci. Eng., Chemosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol.
• Member: American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, International Water Association, International Ultraviolet Association, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, American Society of Civil Engineers.

Current and Ongoing Research

• “Presence, Fate, and Treatability of Estro- and Androgenic Contaminants in Wastewater and Biosolids” US EPA Office of WW Management, Linden K.G. (PI), Kullman, S.W. (10/05 – 9/07)
• “Innovative Technologies for Treatment of Reclaimed Water” Water Reuse Foundation. Linden K.G. (PI), Salveson, A., Thurston-Enriquez, J. (9/05-8/07)
• “Pulsed UV versus Low to Medium Pressure UV: Evaluation of Drinking Water Treatment Efficiency” US EPA, Linden, K.G. (PI) (9/04-8/06)
• “Impact of UV and UV Advanced Oxidation Processes on Toxicity of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water” American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Linden, K.G. (PI), Kullman, S. (2/03-3/06)
• “Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Candidate Contaminant List (CCL) Chemicals” US EPA Office of Water, Cooperative Agreement, Linden, K.G. (PI), Sharpless, C., Suffet, I.H. (9/01 – 8/06)
• “Effectiveness of UV Irradiation for Pathogen Inactivation in Surface Waters” US EPA Science To Achieve Results Program, Linden, K.G. (PI), Sobsey, M.D. (9/01 – 10/05)
• “Predicting Gene Flow from Transgenic Pine Pollen”, US Department of Agriculture, Linden K.G. (Co-PI), Williams, C. (PI), Katul, G. (9/05-8/08).
• “Superfund Chemicals Impact on Reproduction and Development, Project 7: Microbial and Photolytic Transformations of Superfund Chemicals“, Subcontract from Superfund Hazardous Substances Basic Research Center, Dr. DiGiulio, Duke University, ($1,400,000), Linden, K.G. (Co-PI), Schuler, A (PI) (4/05 – 4/09).
• “Bioanalytical Analysis and Reproductive Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors at Concentrated Animal Feed Operations Affecting North Carolina River Waters” Linden, K.G. (co-PI) Kullman, S.W. (PI) NC Water Resources Research Institute Linden, K.G. (Co-PI), Kullman, S.W. (PI) (4/05 – 3/06)
• “DNA repair of UV irradiated Giardia lamblia cysts following low and medium pressure UV disinfection” National Science Foundation, Linden, K.G. (Co-PI), Gwy-Am Shin (PI), (7/03 – 8/06)